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<title>Elixir (programming language)</title>

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Elixir (programming language)

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#e0e0e0;">Elixir</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Elixir</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Multi-paradigm_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-paradigm programming language">multi-paradigm</a>: <a href="Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a>, <a href="Concurrent_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent programming">concurrent</a>, <a href="Distributed_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed programming">distributed</a>, <a href="Process-oriented_programming" title="Process-oriented programming">process-oriented</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data">José Valim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">2012 (2012)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">1.18.4<a href="#cite_note-wikidata-38d73dbc67fe379aec44b4c951a0b1d72113a0cd-v20-1">[1]</a>

/ 21 May 2025 (21 May 2025)</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Type_system" title="Type system">dynamic</a>, <a href="Strong_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong typing">strong</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Apache_License_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache License 2.0">Apache License 2.0</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extensions</a></th><td class="infobox-data">.ex, .exs</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elixir-lang.org">elixir-lang.org</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="Clojure" title="Clojure">Clojure</a>, <a href="Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a>, <a href="Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="Gleam_(programming_language)" title="Gleam (programming language)">Gleam</a>, <a href="LFE_(programming_language)" title="LFE (programming language)">LFE</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

Elixir is a <a href="Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a>, <a href="Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">concurrent</a>, <a href="High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">high-level</a> <a href="General-purpose_programming_language" title="General-purpose programming language">general-purpose</a> <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> that runs on the <a href="BEAM_(Erlang_virtual_machine)" title="BEAM (Erlang virtual machine)">BEAM</a> <a href="Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">virtual machine</a>, which is also used to implement the <a href="Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a> programming language.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a> Elixir builds on top of Erlang and shares the same abstractions for building <a href="Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">distributed</a>, <a href="Fault-tolerant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fault-tolerant">fault-tolerant</a> applications. Elixir also provides tooling and an <a href="Extensible" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensible">extensible</a> design. The latter is supported by compile-time <a href="Metaprogramming" title="Metaprogramming">metaprogramming</a> with <a href="Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">macros</a> and <a href="Polymorphism_(computer_science)" title="Polymorphism (computer science)">polymorphism</a> via protocols.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>

The community organizes yearly events in the United States,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Europe,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> and Japan,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> as well as minor local events and conferences.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

José Valim created the Elixir programming language as a <a href="Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> project at Plataformatec. His goals were to enable higher extensibility and productivity in the Erlang VM while maintaining compatibility with Erlang's ecosystem.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>

Elixir is aimed at large-scale sites and apps. It uses features of <a href="Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>, Erlang, and <a href="Clojure" title="Clojure">Clojure</a> to develop a high-concurrency and low-latency language. It was designed to handle large data volumes. Elixir is also used in telecommunications, e-commerce, and finance.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>

In 2021, the Numerical Elixir effort was announced with the goal of bringing machine learning, neural networks, GPU compilation, data processing, and computational notebooks to the Elixir ecosystem.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Versioning">Versioning</h2></div>

Each of the minor versions supports a specific range of Erlang/<a href="Open_Telecom_Platform" title="Open Telecom Platform">OTP</a> versions.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The current stable release version is 1.18.4<a href="#cite_note-wikidata-38d73dbc67fe379aec44b4c951a0b1d72113a0cd-v20-1">[1]</a> .

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Compiler" title="Compiler">Compiles</a> to <a href="Bytecode" title="Bytecode">bytecode</a> for the <a href="BEAM_(Erlang_virtual_machine)" title="BEAM (Erlang virtual machine)">BEAM virtual machine</a> of <a href="Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-elixirhome-15">[15]</a> Full interoperability with Erlang code, without <a href="Runtime_(program_lifecycle_phase)" class="mw-redirect" title="Runtime (program lifecycle phase)">runtime</a> impact.</li>

<li>Scalability and fault-tolerance, thanks to Erlang's lightweight concurrency mechanisms<a href="#cite_note-elixirhome-15">[15]</a></li>

<li><a href="Mix_(build_tool)" title="Mix (build tool)">Built-in tooling</a> for managing dependencies, code compilation, running tests, formatting code, remote debugging and more.</li>

<li>An interactive <a href="Read%E2%80%93eval%E2%80%93print_loop" title="Read–eval–print loop">REPL</a> inside running programs, including <a href="Phoenix_(web_framework)" title="Phoenix (web framework)">Phoenix</a> web servers, with code reloading and access to internal state</li>

<li>Everything is an <a href="Expression_(computer_science)" title="Expression (computer science)">expression</a><a href="#cite_note-elixirhome-15">[15]</a></li>

<li><a href="Pattern_matching" title="Pattern matching">Pattern matching</a><a href="#cite_note-elixirhome-15">[15]</a> to promote assertive code<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></li>

<li>Type hints for static analysis tools</li>

<li>Immutable data, with an emphasis, like other <a href="Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a> languages, on <a href="Recursion_(computer_science)" title="Recursion (computer science)">recursion</a> and <a href="Higher-order_function" title="Higher-order function">higher-order functions</a> instead of <a href="Side-effect_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Side-effect (computer science)">side-effect</a>-based <a href="Loop_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Loop (computing)">looping</a></li>

<li><a href="Shared_nothing_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Shared nothing architecture">Shared nothing concurrent programming</a> via message passing (<a href="Actor_model" title="Actor model">actor model</a>)<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></li>

<li><a href="Lazy_evaluation" title="Lazy evaluation">Lazy</a> and <a href="Futures_and_promises" title="Futures and promises">async collections</a> with streams</li>

<li>Railway oriented programming via the <code>with</code> construct<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></li>

<li>Hygienic <a href="Metaprogramming" title="Metaprogramming">metaprogramming</a> by direct access to the <a href="Abstract_syntax_tree" title="Abstract syntax tree">abstract syntax tree</a> (AST).<a href="#cite_note-elixirhome-15">[15]</a> Libraries often implement small <a href="Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">domain-specific languages</a>, such as for databases or testing.</li>

<li>Code execution at compile time. The Elixir compiler also runs on the BEAM, so modules that are being compiled can immediately run code which has already been compiled.</li>

<li><a href="Polymorphism_(computer_science)" title="Polymorphism (computer science)">Polymorphism</a> via a mechanism called protocols. <a href="Dynamic_dispatch" title="Dynamic dispatch">Dynamic dispatch</a>, as in <a href="Clojure" title="Clojure">Clojure</a>, however, without <a href="Multiple_dispatch" title="Multiple dispatch">multiple dispatch</a> because Elixir protocols dispatch on a single type.</li>

<li>Support for documentation via Python-like docstrings in the <a href="Markdown" title="Markdown">Markdown</a> formatting language<a href="#cite_note-elixirhome-15">[15]</a></li>

<li><a href="Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> support and <a href="UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a> strings</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2></div>

The following examples can be run in an <code>iex</code> <a href="Shell_(computing)" title="Shell (computing)">shell</a> or saved in a file and run from the <a href="Command_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Command line">command line</a> by typing <code>elixir <filename></code>.

Classic <a href="%22Hello%2C_World!%22_program" title=""Hello, World!" program">Hello world</a> example:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-iex mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>iex> IO.puts("Hello World!")

Hello World!

</pre></div>

Pipe operator:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-iex mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>iex> "Elixir" |> String.graphemes() |> Enum.frequencies()

%{"E" => 1, "i" => 2, "l" => 1, "r" => 1, "x" => 1}

iex> %{values: 1..5} |> Map.get(:values) |> Enum.map(& &1 * 2)

[2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

30

</pre></div>

<a href="Pattern_matching" title="Pattern matching">Pattern matching</a> (a.k.a. destructuring):

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-iex mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>iex> %{left: x} = %{left: 5, right: 8}

iex> x

5

iex> {:ok, [_ | rest]} = {:ok, [1, 2, 3]}

iex> rest

[2, 3]

</pre></div>

Pattern matching with multiple clauses:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-iex mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>iex> case File.read("path/to/file") do

iex> {:ok, contents} -> IO.puts("found file: #{contents}")

iex> {:error, reason} -> IO.puts("missing file: #{reason}")

iex> end

</pre></div>

<a href="List_comprehension" title="List comprehension">List comprehension</a>:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-iex mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>iex> for n <- 1..5, rem(n, 2) == 1, do: n*n

[1, 9, 25]

</pre></div>

Asynchronously reading files with streams:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-elixir mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>1..5

|> Task.async_stream(&File.read!("#{&1}.txt"))

|> Stream.filter(fn {:ok, contents} -> String.trim(contents) != "" end)

|> Enum.join("\n")

</pre></div>

Multiple function bodies with <a href="Guard_(computer_science)#Mathematics" title="Guard (computer science)">guards</a>:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-elixir mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>def fib(n) when n in [0, 1], do: n

def fib(n), do: fib(n-2) + fib(n-1)

</pre></div>

Relational databases with the Ecto library:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-elixir mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>schema "weather" do

field :city # Defaults to type :string

field :temp_lo, :integer

field :temp_hi, :integer

field :prcp, :float, default: 0.0

end

Weather |> where(city: "Kraków") |> order_by(:temp_lo) |> limit(10) |> Repo.all

</pre></div>

Sequentially spawning a thousand processes:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-elixir mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>for num <- 1..1000, do: spawn fn -> IO.puts("#{num * 2}") end

</pre></div>

<a href="Async/await" title="Async/await">Asynchronously</a> performing a task:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-elixir mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>task = Task.async fn -> perform_complex_action() end

other_time_consuming_action()

Task.await task

</pre></div>

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<ul><li><a href="Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">Concurrent computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/elixir-lang/elixir/releases/tag/v1.18.4">"Release 1.18.4"</a>. 21 May 2025. Retrieved 25 May 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/elixir-lang/elixir/blob/master/LICENSE">"elixir/LICENSE at master · elixir-lang/elixir · GitHub"</a>. GitHub.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-3"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180509080342/https://www.eliteinfoworld.com/blog/popular-programming-languages-2018/">"Most Popular Programming Languages of 2018 - Elite Infoworld Blog"</a>. 2018-03-30. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eliteinfoworld.com/blog/popular-programming-languages-2018/">the original</a> on 2018-05-09. Retrieved 2018-05-08.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elixir-lang.org">"Elixir"</a>. José Valim. Retrieved 2013-02-17.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elixirconf.com/">"ElixirConf"</a>. Retrieved 2018-07-11.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elixirconf.eu/">"ElixirConf"</a>. Retrieved 2018-07-11.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elixir-fest.jp/">"Erlang & Elixir Fest"</a>. Retrieved 2019-02-18.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elixir.london/">"Elixir LDN"</a>. Retrieved 2018-07-12.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://empex.co/">"EMPEX - Empire State Elixir Conference"</a>. Retrieved 2018-07-12.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/53221562">Elixir - A modern approach to programming for the Erlang VM</a>. Retrieved 2013-02-17.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IZvpKhA6t8A">José Valim - ElixirConf EU 2017 Keynote</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/IZvpKhA6t8A">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-17. Retrieved 2017-07-14.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welcometothejungle.com/en/articles/btc-elixir-jose-valim/">"Behinde the code: The One Who Created Elixir"</a>. Retrieved 2019-11-25.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/elixir-nx">"Numerical Elixir (Nx)"</a>. <a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>. Retrieved 2024-05-06.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/elixir-lang/elixir">Elixir is a dynamic, functional language designed for building scalable and maintainable applications: elixir-lang/elixir</a>, Elixir, 2019-04-21, retrieved 2019-04-21</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-elixirhome-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-elixirhome_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-elixirhome_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-elixirhome_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-elixirhome_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-elixirhome_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-elixirhome_15-5">f</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elixir-lang.org/">"Elixir"</a>. Retrieved 2014-09-07.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.plataformatec.com.br/2014/09/writing-assertive-code-with-elixir/">"Writing assertive code with Elixir"</a>. 24 September 2014. Retrieved 2018-07-05.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLoder2015" class="citation book cs1">Loder, Wolfgang (12 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leanpub.com/erlangandelixirforimperativeprogrammers">Erlang and Elixir for Imperative Programmers</a>. "Chapter 16: Code Structuring Concepts", section title "Actor Model": Leanpub. Retrieved 7 July 2015.</cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (link)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWlaschin2013" class="citation web cs1">Wlaschin, Scott (May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fsharpforfunandprofit.com/rop/">"Railway Oriented Programming"</a>. F# for Fun and Profit. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210130221804/http://fsharpforfunandprofit.com/rop/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2021.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFSimon_St._LaurentJ._Eisenberg2016" class="citation book cs1">Simon St. Laurent; J. Eisenberg (December 22, 2016). Introducing Elixir: Getting Started in Functional Programming 2nd Edition. <a href="O'Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly Media</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1491956779</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSasa_Juric2019" class="citation book cs1">Sasa Juric (January 12, 2019). Elixir in Action 2nd Edition. <a href="Manning_Publications" title="Manning Publications">Manning Publications</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1617295027</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_programming_languages" title="Timeline of programming languages">Timeline</a></li>

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<li><a href="ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a>

<ul><li><a href="Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly</a></li>

<li><a href="BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a>

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<ul><li><a href="Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">classic</a></li>

<li><a href="COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a></li>

<li><a href="Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a>

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<li><a href="MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li>

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<ul><li> Lists: <a href="List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">Alphabetical</a></li>

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<li><a href="Generational_list_of_programming_languages" title="Generational list of programming languages">Generational</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-English-based_programming_languages" title="Non-English-based programming languages">Non-English-based</a></li>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-27" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Elixir_(programming_language)&oldid=1297629460">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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